26.5.6 Variadic Macros

A macro can be declared to accept a variable number of arguments much as a function can. The syntax for defining the macro is similar to that of a function. Here is an example:

#define eprintf(…) fprintf (stderr, __VA_ARGS__)

This kind of macro is called variadic. When the macro is invoked, all the tokens in its argument list after the last named argument (this macro has none), including any commas, become the variable argument. This sequence of tokens replaces the identifier __VA_ARGS__ in the macro body wherever it appears. Thus, we have this expansion:

eprintf ("%s:%d: ", input_file, lineno)
     →  fprintf (stderr, "%s:%d: ", input_file, lineno)

The variable argument is completely macro-expanded before it is inserted into the macro expansion, just like an ordinary argument. You may use the # and ## operators to stringify the variable argument or to paste its leading or trailing token with another token. (But see below for an important special case for ##.)

Warning: don’t use the identifier __VA_ARGS__ for anything other than this.

If your macro is complicated, you may want a more descriptive name for the variable argument than __VA_ARGS__. You can write an argument name immediately before the ‘…’; that name is used for the variable argument.⁹ The eprintf macro above could be written thus:

#define eprintf(args…) fprintf (stderr, args)

A variadic macro can have named arguments as well as variable arguments, so eprintf can be defined like this, instead:

#define eprintf(format, …) \
  fprintf (stderr, format, __VA_ARGS__)

This formulation is more descriptive, but what if you want to specify a format string that takes no arguments? In GNU C, you can omit the comma before the variable arguments if they are empty, but that puts an extra comma in the expansion:

eprintf ("success!\n")
     → fprintf(stderr, "success!\n", );

That’s an error in the call to fprintf.

To get rid of that comma, the ## token paste operator has a special meaning when placed between a comma and a variable argument.¹⁰ If you write

#define eprintf(format, …) \
  fprintf (stderr, format, ##__VA_ARGS__)

then use the macro eprintf with empty variable arguments, ## deletes the preceding comma.

eprintf ("success!\n")
     → fprintf(stderr, "success!\n");

This does not happen if you pass an empty argument, nor does it happen if the token preceding ## is anything other than a comma.

When the only macro parameter is a variable arguments parameter, and the macro call has no argument at all, it is not obvious whether that means an empty argument or a missing argument. Should the comma be kept, or deleted? The C standard says to keep the comma, but the preexisting GNU C extension deleted the comma. Nowadays, GNU C retains the comma when implementing a specific C standard, and deletes it otherwise.

C99 mandates that the only place the identifier __VA_ARGS__ can appear is in the replacement list of a variadic macro. It may not be used as a macro name, macro parameter name, or within a different type of macro. It may also be forbidden in open text; the standard is ambiguous. We recommend you avoid using that name except for its special purpose.

Variadic macros where you specify the parameter name is a GNU C feature that has been supported for a long time. Standard C, as of C99, supports only the form where the parameter is called __VA_ARGS__. For portability to previous versions of GNU C you should use only named variable argument parameters. On the other hand, for portability to other C99 compilers, you should use only __VA_ARGS__.